{"id":57272,"date":"2014-03-01T00:05:44","date_gmt":"2014-03-01T00:05:44","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.buildingsofireland.ie\/?post_type=building-otm&p=57272"},"modified":"2021-01-19T17:31:52","modified_gmt":"2021-01-19T17:31:52","slug":"the-changing-face-of-memorials-in-western-ireland","status":"publish","type":"building-otm","link":"https:\/\/www.buildingsofireland.ie\/ga\/building-of-the-month\/the-changing-face-of-memorials-in-western-ireland\/","title":{"rendered":"The Changing Face of Memorials in Western Ireland"},"content":{"rendered":"

As markers of public memory, memorials are imbued with power and politics.\u00a0 The treatment of memorials, especially during times of historical re-alignment, often echoes reactions against or a renewed nostalgia for a former regime.\u00a0 For instance, in recent decades the overlap of monumentality and power can be witnessed by the iconoclasm following the fall of the Soviet Union.\u00a0 In Ireland there are several examples of similar, often violent, reactions.\u00a0 Nelson’s Pillar, built in 1809 to commemorate the war hero Lord Admiral Horatio Nelson (1758-1805), stood towering over Dublin’s city centre.\u00a0 Seen as an imposing relic of the British Empire, the statue that topped the pillar was attacked twice: first in 1955 and again on the 8th<\/sup> of March, 1966, when the top half of the memorial was destroyed by a bomb.\u00a0 Nelson’s head, all that remains of the memorial, is now stored in the Dublin City Library and Archive.\u00a0 In 2003, the Spire of Dublin, a signal of Irish progress and aspirations, was built on the site of the destroyed memorial.<\/p>\n

Also suggestive of the intrinsic link between memorials and power is the forced migration of the neo-Baroque statue of Queen Victoria that was originally unveiled on the lawn of Dublin’s Leinster House in 1908.\u00a0 The Oireachtas bought the mansion in 1924 and, in 1929, the first attempt was made to move the former regent from her watchful position in front of the new Irish parliament.\u00a0 The statue of Queen Victoria, the universal countenance of the British Empire, was quietly moved into storage in the Royal Hospital, Kilmainham, in 1947 and was eventually shipped to Australia in the 1980s where it now stands in a square in front of the refurbished Queen Victoria Building, Sydney.<\/p>\n

The study of memorials such as these can show us how, not just what, we collectively remember.\u00a0 Furthermore, how memorials change over time, how they have evolved and what they have evolved into, can elucidate the place of public memory within the contemporary condition.\u00a0 The following text will focus primarily on the transition of a single memorial form \u2013 the combination of Classical column, pedestal and statue \u2013 over time from the Imperial era to more recent years within counties Clare, Galway and Mayo in western Ireland.<\/p>\n

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Figure 1: The Glendenning Monument is situated in the centre of The Octagon in Westport.\u00a0 It was first unveiled in 1845 in honour of George Glendenning (1770-1843), a country agent of the Bank of Ireland.\u00a0 The monument, designed by Charles William Papworth of Dublin, was funded by local subscription.\u00a0 The statue was heavily damaged during the Civil War (1922-3) by Free State troops and was taken down in 1947 after it was stripped of its gilding and other accoutrements.\u00a0 Today, though the original name endures, a statue of Saint Patrick stands in Glendenning’s place.\u00a0 The monument remains a central, visual landmark towering over the heart of Westport.\u00a0 Courtesy of Mayo County Library<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

In the middle of the nineteenth century, during the transitional socioeconomic shifts of industrialisation, memorials tended to be projected examples of model heroes and national icons.\u00a0 Symbolic statues stood on tall pedestals high above the passing crowds.\u00a0 In this way, public memory was not just centralised and officially sanctioned, but also a vigilant ideal to be constantly striven towards.\u00a0 Examples of such memorials include the Glendenning Monument (1845) in Westport, County Mayo (fig. 1<\/em>)<\/strong>, and the O’Connell Monument (1867) in Ennis, County Clare (fig. 2<\/em>)<\/strong>.<\/p>\n

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Figure 2: The work of James Cahill (d. 1890) of Dublin, the monument, erected in 1867, comprises a twenty metre-tall Doric pillar topped by a limestone statue of Daniel “The Liberator” O’Connell (1775-1847).\u00a0 Set on the site of a courthouse where O’Connell was declared MP for County Clare in 1828, the monument sits within a square on an eponymously named street in the centre of Ennis.\u00a0 \u00a9 National Library of Ireland courtesy of Clare County Library<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n
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Figure 3: Also known as The Maid of Erin, the Manchester Martyrs’ Monument, designed by Patrick J. O’Neill of Dublin, was erected in 1881 to honour the controversial hanging of three Fenians in Manchester in 1867.\u00a0 The hangings, and local reaction to them, added to the political upheaval of the time.\u00a0 Similar to the O’Connell Monument, the monument consists of a tall Doric pillar topped by a life-size female figure that personifies Ireland.\u00a0 During the War of Independence (1919-21), the Black and Tans tried but failed to pull down the statue.\u00a0 After opposition and debate, the monument was relocated to its present site: the middle of a busy roundabout at the junction of four roads near the River Fergus.\u00a0 \u00a9 National Library of Ireland courtesy of Clare County Library<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Around the turn of the century, a noticeable shift began to occur within the column-pedestal-statue memorial typology.\u00a0 While the statues may have often remained life-size, the height of the columns began to visibly shrink, less space separating the observer and the statue.\u00a0 Examples of these lowered memorials include the Manchester Martyrs’ Monument (1881) in Ennis (fig. 3<\/em>)<\/strong> and the Humbert Memorial Monument (1898) in Ballina, County Mayo (figs. 4-5<\/em>)<\/strong>.<\/p>\n

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Figure 4: Much like the Manchester Martyrs’ Monument, the Humbert Memorial Monument, erected in 1898 and unveiled by Maud Gonne MacBride (1866-1953), is topped by a statue of the Maid of Erin with sword in hand and Irish Wolfhound by her side.\u00a0 Designed by Thomas Hammond Dennany (d. 1910) of Glasnevin, and ‘erected by the voluntary subscriptions of the priests and people of Mayo and Sligo’, the monument represents the military triumph over the English garrison at Ballina in 1798 by Irish and French forces under the command of General Jean Joseph Amable Humbert (1767-1823).\u00a0 Courtesy of Mayo County Library<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n
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Figure 5: Again like the Manchester Martyrs’ Monument, the Humbert Memorial Monument was removed from its prominent position in Pearse Street to a busy junction in the eponymously named Humbert Street.\u00a0 The monument, re-erected on a shorter stepped plinth, was rededicated in 1987 by Se\u00e1n MacBride (1904-88).\u00a0 Photograph by the National Inventory of Architectural Heritage<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n
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Figure 6: The monument, dedicated in 1947, commemorates Joseph Howley (d. 1920) who commanded a volunteer force in an effort to capture Oranmore Barracks in 1916 and was later murdered in Dublin during the War of Independence.\u00a0 The life-size figure of Howley, reaching for the rifle at his side, is set on a short limestone plinth inscribed: COMMDt JOSEPH HOWLEY He led his volunteers in Easter Week 1916 & was murdered by English agents at the Broadstone Dublin 1920 Erected in 1947 by his Old Comrades of 1916-1920.\u00a0 Photograph by the National Inventory of Architectural Heritage<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n
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Figure 7: Erected in 1957, the monument to Liam Mellows (1892-1922), like the one commemorating Howley, consists of a limestone statue of Mellows in an Irish volunteer uniform on a short limestone plinth.\u00a0 The monument is set on a median next to Eyre Square in the heart of Galway City.\u00a0 Mellows, a military leader during the Easter Rising and Director of Supplies during the War of Independence, was elected to the First D\u00e1il in 1918 and killed in 1922.\u00a0 The architect of the monument was Diarmuid O Tuathail, the statue sculpted by Domhnall O Murchadha (1914-91).\u00a0 Photograph by the National Inventory of Architectural Heritage<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Following The Emergency, the space separating the observer and the statue on top of the Classical memorial became smaller still.\u00a0 While still above the pedestrian, the Joseph Howley Monument (1947) in Oranmore, County Galway (fig. 6<\/em>)<\/strong>, and the Liam Mellows Monument (1957) in Galway City (fig. 7<\/em>)<\/strong> are approximately 3-4 metres tall while the John F. Kennedy Monument, also in Galway, is even shorter, with a profile bust below a commemorative plaque (fig. 8<\/em>)<\/strong>.\u00a0 As such they do not visually position public memory as a singular, imposing construction but rather as something that is slowly transitioning to be more on-the-ground, coming down from lonely heights into the complexity of the public’s everyday lived experience.<\/p>\n

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Figure 8: In 1963, President John F. Kennedy (1917-63) visited Ireland and stopped briefly in Galway on the 29th of June before leaving the country, just five months before his assassination.\u00a0 In 1965, the park in Eyre Square was renamed the John F. Kennedy Memorial Park.\u00a0 Soon after, a monument with a central bronze profile cast from a wood carving by local sculptor Albert O’Toole (d. 2001) was placed within the park.\u00a0 In 1975, the monument fell and was removed.\u00a0 Subsequently replaced in the early 2000s, the new design suggestively rearranged the elements of the original monument: O’Toole’s bronze was positioned below a commemorative text, which is tilted slightly to be read while looking down.\u00a0 Photograph by Eduard Krakhmalnikov<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Finally, the memorial has, in the last few decades, shrunk almost beyond recognition.\u00a0 Often, instead of Classical forms, the memorial has become relegated to commemorative plaques, which, instead of a few large gestures, are numerous in number and are regularly placed at or below eye level.\u00a0 For example, according to the plaque database in A Guide to Cork City<\/em>‘<\/em>s Historic Plaques and Signs<\/em>, there are 180 plaques in Cork alone.\u00a0 Sometimes, the memorial has even given up the ghost of a separate form and has simply become an inscription on the ground or wall.\u00a0 In this way, public memory has become less above us and more among us.\u00a0 Plaques and inscriptions, the offspring of the grand, triumphal memorials to public memory, are added to pre-existing structures that are thereby transformed into memorials while still retaining their unique functions.\u00a0 One such example is the Eugene O’Curry Monument (1986) in Doonaha, County Clare (fig. 9<\/em>)<\/strong>.<\/p>\n

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Figure 9: Two plaques were added in 1986 to a freestanding monolith associated with the restored Mangan Forge near Lisheenacrona.\u00a0 The plaques, commemorating Eugene O’Curry (1794-1862), are embossed: Eoghan \u00d3 Comhraide illustrious Gaelic scholar philologist and first Professor of Irish History at the Catholic University of Dublin is remembered here in his native place where the foundation of his great scholarship was laid.\u00a0 Photograph by Sonia Schorman courtesy of Clare County Library<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

The transition of the column-pedestal-statue memorial from above and beyond the pedestrian’s vision and socioeconomic status to an existence amongst the passer-by may point to a gradual societal shift.\u00a0 The grand commanding figure of the Imperial era has become an anachronism: Nelson’s Pillar has long been destroyed; Queen Victoria has been shipped abroad; and Glendenning was replaced by Saint Patrick.\u00a0 Indeed, this transformation of the memorial mimics the movement from Imperial foreign rule to a contemporary democratic society where public memory is inscribed all around us, instead of centralised within dominant markers.\u00a0 As a result, the formal memorial has been disassembled and scattered into numerous commemorative plaques and inscriptions that, instead of stand-alone objects, are added on to pre-existing sites.\u00a0 As seen in Cork, the intensive and seemingly constant accumulation of plaques and inscriptions suggests a contemporary condition in which public memory is fragmented and reflective of fluctuating micro-narratives consistent with an evolving democracy instead of a dominant, Imperial hierarchy.\u00a0 It should be of note that the contemporary Spire of Dublin, three times the height of Nelson’s Pillar, is not made of stone or marble.\u00a0 Rather, it is covered with a reflective surface that mirrors our own image back onto ourselves, thereby transferring the power of projection onto the individual observer.\u00a0 Yet, as with Classical monuments that tend to lose significance with the passing of time, the number and similarity of plaques and inscriptions may lead us to seek out new, more interactive memorial types in the future.\u00a0 These future memorials may unglue themselves from form and place altogether, moving freely as stories and images through a hyper-reality no longer reliant on word of mouth.\u00a0 Unlike the stiffness of Classical notions, the definition of what a memorial is or can be will invariably change.\u00a0 As such, the conservation of future memorials, like the memorials themselves, will need to become a creative endeavour.<\/p>\n

Eduard Krakhmalnikov recently completed an MS in Landscape Architecture and is currently completing an MS is Heritage Conservation and Preservation, both from the College of Design at the University of Minnesota in the United States.\u00a0 His thesis in landscape architecture focuses on memorial and memorialisation through the lens of a derelict, inaccessible slice of land on Chicago<\/em>‘<\/em>s waterfront long since dedicated as a public park.\u00a0 In the summer of 2012, he was the Inaugural Sally Boasberg Founder<\/em>‘<\/em>s Fellow at The Cultural Landscape Foundation in Washington DC.\u00a0 This Building of the Month was completed in the summer of 2013 during an international exchange internship funded through US\/ICOMOS<\/em><\/p>\n","protected":false},"featured_media":57273,"template":"","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"county":[],"class_list":["post-57272","building-otm","type-building-otm","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail","hentry"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"\nThe Changing Face of Memorials in Western Ireland - 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